Critical Edition
भरद्वाज उवाच एते ते धातवः पञ्च ब्रह्मा यानसृजत्पुरा आवृता यैरिमे लोका महाभूताभिसंज्ञितैः
AI Translation: Bharadvaja said: These are the five elements that Brahma created in the past. The worlds are enveloped by them, known as the great elements.
यदासृजत्सहस्राणि भूतानां स महामतिः पञ्चानामेव भूतत्वं कथं समुपपद्यते
AI Translation: How is it possible that the five elements are the only ones? When the very intelligent one created thousands of beings,
भृगुरुवाच अमितानां महाशब्दो यान्ति भूतानि संभवम् ततस्तेषां महाभूतशब्दोऽयमुपपद्यते
M. N. Dutt: Bhrigu said All things which belong to the Infinite or the Vast are known by the name of Great. Therefore these five clements are called Great creatures.
चेष्टा वायुः खमाकाशमूष्माग्निः सलिलं द्रवः पृथिवी चात्र संघातः शरीरं पाञ्चभौतिकम्
M. N. Dutt: Activity is wind. The sound is space. The heat that lives within it is fire. The liquid juices cc:itained in it are water. The solidified matter, viz., flesh and bones from the Earth. The bodies are thus made of the five elements.
इत्येतैः पञ्चभिर्भूतैर्युक्तं स्थावरजङ्गमम् श्रोत्रं घ्राणं रसः स्पर्शो दृष्टिश्चेन्द्रियसंज्ञिताः
M. N. Dutt: All mobile and immobile objects are formed of these five elements. The five senses also made of the give clements. The car is formed of the properties of space. The nose of earth; the tongue of water; touch of wind; and eyes of tire.
भरद्वाज उवाच पञ्चभिर्यदि भूतैस्तु युक्ताः स्थावरजङ्गमाः स्थावराणां न दृश्यन्ते शरीरे पञ्च धातवः
M. N. Dutt: Bharadwaja said If all mobile and immobile objects be made of these five elements, why is it that in all immobile objects those elements are not seen.
अनूष्मणामचेष्टानां घनानां चैव तत्त्वतः वृक्षाणां नोपलभ्यन्ते शरीरे पञ्च धातवः
M. N. Dutt: Trees do not appear to have possessed any heat. They appear to have no motion. They are again formed of thick particles. The five elements are not seen in them.
न शृण्वन्ति न पश्यन्ति न गन्धरसवेदिनः न च स्पर्शं विजानन्ति ते कथं पाञ्चभौतिकाः
M. N. Dutt: Trees do not hear; they do not sec; they cannot smell or taste. They cannot touch. How then can they be regarded as formed of the five elements.
अद्रवत्वादनग्नित्वादभौमत्वादवायुतः आकाशस्याप्रमेयत्वाद्वृक्षाणां नास्ति भौतिकम्
M. N. Dutt: It appears to me that for the absence of any liquid matter in them, of any heat, of any earth, of any wind, and of any empty space, trees cannot be considered as compounds of the five primary elements.
भृगुरुवाच घनानामपि वृक्षाणामाकाशोऽस्ति न संशयः तेषां पुष्पफले व्यक्तिर्नित्यं समुपलभ्यते
M. N. Dutt: Bhrigu said Forsooth, though possessed of density, trees have space within them. They always bear flowers and fruits.
ऊष्मतो ग्लानपर्णानां त्वक्फलं पुष्पमेव च म्लायते चैव शीते न स्पर्शस्तेनात्र विद्यते
M. N. Dutt: They have heat within them for which leaf, bark, fruit, and flower are seen to fall off. They sicken and dry up. This indicates that they have perception of touch.
वाय्वग्न्यशनिनिष्पेषैः फलपुष्पं विशीर्यते श्रोत्रेण गृह्यते शब्दस्तस्माच्छृण्वन्ति पादपाः
M. N. Dutt: By sound of wind and fire and thunder, their fruits and flowers fall down. Sound is perceived through the ear. Trees have, therefore, ears and do hear.
वल्ली वेष्टयते वृक्षं सर्वतश्चैव गच्छति न ह्यदृष्टेश्च मार्गोऽस्ति तस्मात्पश्यन्ति पादपाः
M. N. Dutt: A creeper entwines a tree all around. A blind thing cannot see its way. Therefore it is evident that trees have vision.
पुण्यापुण्यैस्तथा गन्धैर्धूपैश्च विविधैरपि अरोगाः पुष्पिताः सन्ति तस्माज्जिघ्रन्ति पादपाः
M. N. Dutt: Again trees regain vigour and put forth flowers for good and bad smell, of the sacred incense of all sorts. It is evident that trees have scent.
पादैः सलिलपानं च व्याधीनामपि दर्शनम् व्याधिप्रतिक्रियत्वाच्च विद्यते रसनं द्रुमे
M. N. Dutt: They draw water by their roots. They catch all sorts of diseases. Those diseases again are cured by various operations. From this it is clear that trees have perception of taste.
वक्त्रेणोत्पलनालेन यथोर्ध्वं जलमाददेत् तथा पवनसंयुक्तः पादैः पिबति पादपः
M. N. Dutt: As one can draw water through the hole of a lotus-stalk, trees also, with the help of wind, drink through their roots.
ग्रहणात्सुखदुःखस्य छिन्नस्य च विरोहणात् जीवं पश्यामि वृक्षाणामचैतन्यं न विद्यते
M. N. Dutt: They are subject to pleasure and pain, and grow when cut or lopped off. These facts clearly prove that trees have life. They are not manimate.
तेन तज्जलमादत्तं जरयत्यग्निमारुतौ आहारपरिणामाच्च स्नेहो वृद्धिश्च जायते
M. N. Dutt: Fire and wind cause the water thus drawn up to be digested. The tree grows and becomes humid proportionate to the quantity of the water taken up.
जङ्गमानां च सर्वेषां शरीरे पञ्च धातवः प्रत्येकशः प्रभिद्यन्ते यैः शरीरं विचेष्टते
M. N. Dutt: In the bodies of all mobile things the five elements reside. The proportions are different in each. Mobile objects can move for these five elements.
त्वक्च मांसं तथास्थीनि मज्जा स्नायु च पञ्चमम् इत्येतदिह संख्यातं शरीरे पृथिवीमयम्
M. N. Dutt: Skin, fresh, bones, marrow, and arteries and veins, that exist together in the body are formed of earth.
तेजोऽग्निश्च तथा क्रोधश्चक्षुरूष्मा तथैव च अग्निर्जरयते चापि पञ्चाग्नेयाः शरीरिणः
M. N. Dutt: Energy, anger, eyes, internal heat, and the heat which digests the good taken, these five, form the fire that exists in all embodied creatures.
श्रोत्रं घ्राणमथास्यं च हृदयं कोष्ठमेव च आकाशात्प्राणिनामेते शरीरे पञ्च धातवः
M. N. Dutt: The cars, nostrils, mouth, heart, and Stomach, these five, form the element of space that exists in the bodies of living creatures.
श्लेष्मा पित्तमथ स्वेदो वसा शोणितमेव च इत्यापः पञ्चधा देहे भवन्ति प्राणिनां सदा
M. N. Dutt: Phlegm, bile, sweat, fat, blood are the five kinds of water that exist in inobile bodies.
प्राणात्प्रणीयते प्राणी व्यानाद्व्यायच्छते तथा गच्छत्यपानोऽवाक्चैव समानो हृद्यवस्थितः
M. N. Dutt: Through the vital breath called Prana, a living creature is capable of moving about. Through that called Vyana they act. That called Apana goes downward. That called Samana lives within the heart.
उदानादुच्छ्वसिति च प्रतिभेदाच्च भाषते इत्येते वायवः पञ्च चेष्टयन्तीह देहिनम्
M. N. Dutt: Through that called Udana one passes exertion and is enabled to speak by virtue of its going through (the lungs, the throat, and the mouth). These are the five sorts of vital airs that cause an embodied creature to live and Imove.
भूमेर्गन्धगुणान्वेत्ति रसं चाद्भ्यः शरीरवान् ज्योतिः पश्यति चक्षुर्भ्यां स्पर्शं वेत्ति च वायुना
M. N. Dutt: Through the earth-element an embodied creature perceives the properties of scent. From the water-element he perceives taste. From the fire-element as represented by the eyes, he perceives forms, and from the wind-element he perceives touch.
Supplementary Passages:
12.177.26 After 26, K6.7 Dn1.n4 Ds D2-6.8.9 ins.: *486 गन्धः स्पर्शो रसो रूपं शब्दश्चात्र गुणाः स्मृताः On the other hand, D7 T G1.2.6 M5.7 ins. after 26: *487 शब्दं शृणोति च तथा आकाशात्तु शरीरवान् शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च भूगुणः
तस्य गन्धस्य वक्ष्यामि विस्तराभिहितान्गुणान् इष्टश्चानिष्टगन्धश्च मधुरः कटुरेव च
AI Translation: I shall describe in detail the qualities of that fragrance. It is desirable, undesirable, sweet, and bitter.
निर्हारी संहतः स्निग्धो रूक्षो विशद एव च एवं नवविधो ज्ञेयः पार्थिवो गन्धविस्तरः
AI Translation: The earth element is of nine kinds: the earth element is of nine kinds: the earth element is of nine kinds: the earth element is of nine kinds: the earth element is of nine kinds: the earth element is of nine kinds: the earth element is of nine kinds: the earth element is of nine kinds: the earth element is of nine kinds
शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसश्चापां गुणाः स्मृताः रसज्ञानं तु वक्ष्यामि तन्मे निगदतः शृणु
M. N. Dutt: Sound, touch, vision and taste are the properties of water. I shall describe fully that now the perception of taste. Listen to me.
रसो बहुविधः प्रोक्तः सूरिभिः प्रथितात्मभिः मधुरो लवणस्तिक्तः कषायोऽम्लः कटुस्तथा एष षड्विधविस्तारो रसो वारिमयः स्मृतः
M. N. Dutt: Great Rishis have mentioned various sorts of taste. They are sweet, saltish, bitter, astringent, sour, and pungent.
शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च त्रिगुणं ज्योतिरुच्यते ज्योतिः पश्यति रूपाणि रूपं च बहुधा स्मृतम्
AI Translation: Sound, touch, and form are said to be the three qualities of light. Light sees forms, and form is also said to be of many kinds.
ह्रस्वो दीर्घस्तथा स्थूलश्चतुरस्रोऽणु वृत्तवान् शुक्लः कृष्णस्तथा रक्तो नीलः पीतोऽरुणस्तथा एवं द्वादशविस्तारो ज्योतीरूपगुणः स्मृतः
AI Translation: Short, long, and also thick, square, minute, and round, White, black, and also red, blue, yellow, and reddish. Thus, the twelve-fold expansion is
शब्दस्पर्शौ तु विज्ञेयौ द्विगुणो वायुरुच्यते वायव्यस्तु गुणः स्पर्शः स्पर्शश्च बहुधा स्मृतः
AI Translation: Sound and touch are to be known as the two qualities of air, which is said to be twofold. The quality of air is touch, and touch is also said to be of many kinds.
कठिनश्चिक्कणः श्लक्ष्णः पिच्छलो मृदुदारुणः उष्णः शीतः सुखो दुःखः स्निग्धो विशद एव च एवं द्वादशविस्तारो वायव्यो गुण उच्यते
AI Translation: Hard, smooth, slippery, soft, harsh, Hot, cold, pleasant, painful, glossy, clear. Thus the Vāyavya quality is said to be twelvefold
Supplementary Passages:
12.177.34 After 34cd, K6.7 B0.6-9 Da3.a4 Dn1.n4 Ds D2.4.6.8.9 ins.: *488 तथा खरो मृदुः श्लक्ष्णो लघुर्गुरुतरोऽपि च
तत्रैकगुणमाकाशं शब्द इत्येव तत्स्मृतम् तस्य शब्दस्य वक्ष्यामि विस्तरं विविधात्मकम्
M. N. Dutt: Space has only one property, namely sound. I shall now describe to you the different sorts of sound.
Supplementary Passages:
12.177.35 After 35, K7 Da3 D4.9 M1.6 ins.: *489 शान्तो घोरश्च मूढश्च तानसंघर्षजस्तथा
षड्ज ऋषभगान्धारौ मध्यमः पञ्चमस्तथा धैवतश्चापि विज्ञेयस्तथा चापि निषादकः
M. N. Dutt: They are the seven original notes called Shadaja, Rishabha, Gandhara, Maddhyaina, Dhaivata, Panchama, and Nishada.
एष सप्तविधः प्रोक्तो गुण आकाशलक्षणः त्रैस्वर्येण तु सर्वत्र स्थितोऽपि पटहादिषु
M. N. Dutt: These are the seven sorts of the property which belongs to space. Sound pervades like the Supreme Being the entire space though attached especially to drums drums and other instruments.
Supplementary Passages:
12.177.37 After 37, Ś1 K1.2.4.6.7 V1 B6-9 Da3.a4 Dn1.n4 Ds D2-9 ins.: *490 मृदङ्गभेरीशङ्खानां स्तनयित्नो रथस्य च यः कश्चिच्छ्रूयते शब्दः प्राणिनोऽप्राणिनोऽपि वा एतेषामेव सर्वेषां विषये संप्रकीर्तितः एवं बहुविधाकारः शब्द आकाशसंभवः
आकाशजं शब्दमाहुरेभिर्वायुगुणैः सह अव्याहतैश्चेतयते न वेत्ति विषमागतैः
AI Translation: They say that sound is born from space, together with these qualities of wind. When they are unobstructed, one is conscious; when they come in an uneven way, one does not know.
आप्यायन्ते च ते नित्यं धातवस्तैस्तु धातुभिः आपोऽग्निर्मारुतश्चैव नित्यं जाग्रति देहिषु
AI Translation: And those elements are always nourished by those elements. Water, fire, and wind are always awake in the bodies.
Supplementary Passages:
12.177.39 After 39, K4.6 V1 B0.6-9 Da3.a4 Dn1.n4 Ds D2.3.5-8 Cn ins.: *491 मूलमेते शरीरस्य व्याप्य प्राणानिह स्थिताः