Critical Edition
युधिष्ठिर उवाच सूक्ष्मं साधु समादिष्टं भवता धर्मलक्षणम् प्रतिभा त्वस्ति मे काचित्तां ब्रूयामनुमानतः
M. N. Dutt: Yudhisthira said You say that virtue or duty depends upon delicate consideration, that it is marked out by the conduct of the good, that it is fraught with restraints, and that its characteristics are also contained in the Vedas. It appears to me, however, that I have a certain inward light by virtue of which I can differentiate between right and wrong by inferences.
भूयांसो हृदये ये मे प्रश्नास्ते व्याहृतास्त्वया इममन्यं प्रवक्ष्यामि न राजन्विग्रहादिव
M. N. Dutt: Numberless questions which I had wished to ask you have all been answered by you. There is one question, however, that I shall just now put. It is not prompted, O king, by desire of mere discussion.
इमानि हि प्रापयन्ति सृजन्त्युत्तारयन्ति च न धर्मः परिपाठेन शक्यो भारत वेदितुम्
M. N. Dutt: All these embodied creatures, it seems, take birth, exist, and renounce their bodies, of their own nature. Duty and its opposite, therefore, cannot be determined, O Bharata, by study of the scriptures alone.
अन्यो धर्मः समस्थस्य विषमस्थस्य चापरः आपदस्तु कथं शक्याः परिपाठेन वेदितुम्
M. N. Dutt: The duties of a rich person are of one sort. Those of a person who has fallen into distress are of another sort. How can duty in the time of poverty be determined by reading the scriptures alone?
सदाचारो मतो धर्मः सन्तस्त्वाचारलक्षणाः साध्यासाध्यं कथं शक्यं सदाचारो ह्यलक्षणम्
M. N. Dutt: The acts of the good, as you have said, form virtue. The good, however, are to be known by their acts. The definition, therefore, has at the bottom a begging of the question, and the result is that what is meant by conduct of the good remains unsettled.
दृश्यते धर्मरूपेण अधर्मं प्राकृतश्चरन् धर्मं चाधर्मरूपेण कश्चिदप्राकृतश्चरन्
M. N. Dutt: It is seen that some ordinary man commits sin while apparently achieving virtue. Some extraordinary person again may be seen who achieves virtue by committing acts which are seemingly sinful.
पुनरस्य प्रमाणं हि निर्दिष्टं शास्त्रकोविदैः वेदवादाश्चानुयुगं ह्रसन्तीति ह नः श्रुतम्
AI Translation: And again, its authority has been indicated by those skilled in the scriptures. And we have heard that the Vedic teachings diminish with each age.
अन्ये कृतयुगे धर्मास्त्रेतायां द्वापरेऽपरे अन्ये कलियुगे धर्मा यथाशक्तिकृता इव
AI Translation: Other duties are for the Krita age, others for the Tretā age, others for the Dvāpara age, and others for the Kali age, as if they were performed according to one's ability.
आम्नायवचनं सत्यमित्ययं लोकसंग्रहः आम्नायेभ्यः परं वेदाः प्रसृता विश्वतोमुखाः
M. N. Dutt: When, therefore, all the declarations in the Vedas do not suit equally all the ages, the saying that the Vedas are true is only a popular parlance given vent to for popular satisfaction. whose range From the Shrutis have originated the Smritis is very wide.
ते चेत्सर्वे प्रमाणं वै प्रमाणं तन्न विद्यते प्रमाणे चाप्रमाणे च विरुद्धे शास्त्रता कुतः
M. N. Dutt: If the Vedas be considered authoritative everywhere, then the Smritis also would be considered authoritative, for the latter are based on the former. But when the Shrutis and the Smritis contradict each other, how can either be authoritative.
धर्मस्य ह्रियमाणस्य बलवद्भिर्दुरात्मभिः या या विक्रियते संस्था ततः सापि प्रणश्यति
M. N. Dutt: Then, again, it is seen, that when some wicked wights of great power cause certain portions of religious acts to be stopped, these are destroyed for ever.
विद्म चैवं न वा विद्म शक्यं वा वेदितुं न वा अणीयान्क्षुरधाराया गरीयान्पर्वतादपि
M. N. Dutt: Whether we know it or not, whether we are able to determine it or not, the course of duty is sharper than the edge of a razor and grosser than even a mountain.
गन्धर्वनगराकारः प्रथमं संप्रदृश्यते अन्वीक्ष्यमाणः कविभिः पुनर्गच्छत्यदर्शनम्
M. N. Dutt: Virtue at first appears in the form of the romantic house of vapour seen in the distant sky. When, however, it is examined by the ! learned, it disappears.
निपानानीव गोभ्याशे क्षेत्रे कुल्येव भारत स्मृतोऽपि शाश्वतो धर्मो विप्रहीणो न दृश्यते
M. N. Dutt: Like the small ponds at which cattle drink or the shallow canals along cultivated fields, that dry up very soon, the eternal practices laid down in the Smrities, falling into discontinuance, at last disappear for good.
कामादन्ये क्षयादन्ये कारणैरपरैस्तथा असन्तो हि वृथाचारं भजन्ते बहवोऽपरे
M. N. Dutt: Amongst good men, some are seen to become hypocrites by allowing themselves to be moved by desire. Some become so, desiring by others. Many others tread in the same path, moved by various other motives of a similar nature.
धर्मो भवति स क्षिप्रं विलीनस्त्वेव साधुषु अन्ये तानाहुरुन्मत्तानपि चावहसन्त्युत
M. N. Dutt: It cannot be gainsaid that such acts are righteous. Fools, again, hold that virtue is an empty sound among those called good. They ridicule such persons and consider them as men bereft of reason.
महाजना ह्युपावृत्ता राजधर्मं समाश्रिताः न हि सर्वहितः कश्चिदाचारः संप्रदृश्यते
M. N. Dutt: Many great men, again, neglecting the duties of their own order, follow those of the Kshatriyas. No such conduct, therefore, is to be seen, which is for universal benevolence.
तेनैवान्यः प्रभवति सोऽपरं बाधते पुनः दृश्यते चैव स पुनस्तुल्यरूपो यदृच्छया
M. N. Dutt: By a certain action, one becomes really meritorious. The same actions prevent another from the acquisition of merit. Another, by performing those actions at his pleasure, it is seen, remains unchanged.
येनैवान्यः प्रभवति सोऽपरानपि बाधते आचाराणामनैकाग्र्यं सर्वेषामेव लक्षयेत्
M. N. Dutt: Thus that action by which one reaps merit, obstructs another in the acquisition of merit. One may thus seen that all actions are not peculiar in motive and character.
चिराभिपन्नः कविभिः पूर्वं धर्म उदाहृतः तेनाचारेण पूर्वेण संस्था भवति शाश्वती
M. N. Dutt: It seems, therefore, that only that which the learned of old denominated righteousness is righteousness to this day; and through that course of conduct the distinctions and limitations have become eternal.