Critical Edition
युधिष्ठिर उवाच पितामह महाबाहो सर्वशास्त्रविशारद श्रोतुमिच्छामि मर्त्यानां संसारविधिमुत्तमम्
M. N. Dutt: Yudhishthira said o grandfather, O greatly wise one, conversant with all the scriptures, I wish to know those excellent ordinances by which mortals have to travel through their rounds of rebirth.
केन वृत्तेन राजेन्द्र वर्तमाना नरा युधि प्राप्नुवन्त्युत्तमं स्वर्गं कथं च नरकं नृप
M. N. Dutt: What is that conduct by following which O king, men succeed in acquiring high heaven and what is that conduct by which one sinks in Hell?
मृतं शरीरमुत्सृज्य काष्ठलोष्टसमं जनाः प्रयान्त्यमुं लोकमितः को वै ताननुगच्छति
M. N. Dutt: When renouncing the dead body that is as inert as a piece of wood or clod of earth people proceed to the other world, what are those which follow them there?
भीष्म उवाच असावायाति भगवान्बृहस्पतिरुदारधीः पृच्छैनं सुमहाभागमेतद्गुह्यं सनातनम्
M. N. Dutt: Bhishma said Yonder comes the illustrious and highly intelligent Brihaspati. Do you ask his blessed self. The subject is an eternal mystery.
नैतदन्येन शक्यं हि वक्तुं केनचिदद्य वै वक्ता बृहस्पतिसमो न ह्यन्यो विद्यते क्वचित्
M. N. Dutt: None else is capable of explaining the matter. There is no speaker like Brihaspati.
वैशंपायन उवाच तयोः संवदतोरेवं पार्थगाङ्गेययोस्तदा आजगाम विशुद्धात्मा भगवान्स बृहस्पतिः
M. N. Dutt: Vaishampayana said While the son of Pritha and the son of Ganga were thus conversing with each other, there came at the spot from the sky the illustrious Brihaspati of purified soul.
ततो राजा समुत्थाय धृतराष्ट्रपुरोगमः पूजामनुपमां चक्रे सर्वे ते च सभासदः
M. N. Dutt: King Yudhishthira, and all others, headed by Dhritarashtra, stood up and received Brihaspati with proper honours. Excellent was the worship they offered to the preceptor of the celestials.
ततो धर्मसुतो राजा भगवन्तं बृहस्पतिम् उपगम्य यथान्यायं प्रश्नं पप्रच्छ सुव्रतः
M. N. Dutt: Then approaching the illustrious Brihaspati, Dharma's royal son, Yudhishthira, asked him the question in proper form, desirous of knowing the truth.
युधिष्ठिर उवाच भगवन्सर्वधर्मज्ञ सर्वशास्त्रविशारद मर्त्यस्य कः सहायो वै पिता माता सुतो गुरुः
AI Translation: Yudhisthira said: O Blessed One, knower of all Dharma, skilled in all scriptures, Who is the companion of a mortal? Father, mother, son, or teacher?
मृतं शरीरमुत्सृज्य काष्ठलोष्टसमं जनाः गच्छन्त्यमुत्रलोकं वै क एनमनुगच्छति
AI Translation: Having abandoned the dead body, which is equal to a piece of wood or a clod of earth, people go to the other world. Who follows him?
बृहस्पतिरुवाच एकः प्रसूतो राजेन्द्र जन्तुरेको विनश्यति एकस्तरति दुर्गाणि गच्छत्येकश्च दुर्गतिम्
AI Translation: Brihaspati said: O lord of kings, one is born, one perishes. One alone crosses the difficulties, one alone goes to misfortune.
असहायः पिता माता तथा भ्राता सुतो गुरुः ज्ञातिसंबन्धिवर्गश्च मित्रवर्गस्तथैव च
AI Translation: Father, mother, brother, son, teacher, group of relatives and kinsmen, and group of friends,
मृतं शरीरमुत्सृज्य काष्ठलोष्टसमं जनाः मुहूर्तमुपतिष्ठन्ति ततो यान्ति पराङ्मुखाः तैस्तच्छरीरमुत्सृष्टं धर्म एकोऽनुगच्छति
AI Translation: Having abandoned the dead body, which is like a piece of wood or a clod of earth, people stand for a moment and then go away, turning their backs. Of those who have abandoned that body, only Dharma follows.
तस्माद्धर्मः सहायार्थे सेवितव्यः सदा नृभिः प्राणी धर्मसमायुक्तो गच्छते स्वर्गतिं पराम् तथैवाधर्मसंयुक्तो नरकायोपपद्यते
M. N. Dutt: A virtuous man would acquire that high end which is formed by Heaven. If sinful he goes to hell.
तस्मान्न्यायागतैरर्थैर्धर्मं सेवेत पण्डितः धर्म एको मनुष्याणां सहायः पारलौकिकः
M. N. Dutt: Hence, an intelligent man should always seek to acquire virtue through wealth acquired by fair means. Virtue is the one only friend whichcrcatures have in the next world.
लोभान्मोहादनुक्रोशाद्भयाद्वाप्यबहुश्रुतः नरः करोत्यकार्याणि परार्थे लोभमोहितः
M. N. Dutt: Moved by cupidity, or stupefaction, or mercy, or fear, one shorn of knowledge is seen to do unfair deeds, for sake of even another, his judgement thus stupefied by cupidity.
धर्मश्चार्थश्च कामश्च त्रितयं जीविते फलम् एतत्त्रयमवाप्तव्यमधर्मपरिवर्जितम्
M. N. Dutt: Virtue, wealth, and pleasure, these three form the fruit of life. Onc should win these three by means of being free from impropriety and sin.
युधिष्ठिर उवाच श्रुतं भगवतो वाक्यं धर्मयुक्तं परं हितम् शरीरविचयं ज्ञातुं बुद्धिस्तु मम जायते
M. N. Dutt: Yudhishthira said I have carefully heard the words spoken by your illustrious self, these words that are fraught with virtue, and that are highly beneficial, I wish now to know of the state of the body (after death.)
मृतं शरीररहितं सूक्ष्ममव्यक्ततां गतम् अचक्षुर्विषयं प्राप्तं कथं धर्मोऽनुगच्छति
M. N. Dutt: The dead body of man becomes subtile and unmanifest. It becomes invisible. How is it possible for virtue to follow it?
बृहस्पतिरुवाच पृथिवी वायुराकाशमापो ज्योतिश्च पञ्चमम् बुद्धिरात्मा च सहिता धर्मं पश्यन्ति नित्यदा
AI Translation: Brihaspati said: Earth, wind, space, water, and light as the fifth, Together with intelligence and the self, always see Dharma.
प्राणिनामिह सर्वेषां साक्षिभूतानि चानिशम् एतैश्च स ह धर्मोऽपि तं जीवमनुगच्छति
AI Translation: These are the witnesses of all beings here, always. And with these, Dharma also follows that living being.
त्वगस्थिमांसं शुक्रं च शोणितं च महामते शरीरं वर्जयन्त्येते जीवितेन विवर्जितम्
M. N. Dutt: When the body becomes bereft of life, skin, bones flesh, the vital seed, and blood, leave it simultaneously.
ततो धर्मसमायुक्तः स जीवः सुखमेधते इह लोके परे चैव किं भूयः कथयामि ते
M. N. Dutt: What else do you wish to hear? If gifted with virtue, individual soul enjoys happiness. What other subject, belonging to this or the other world shall I describe to you?
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.23 After 23a, B2.4.5 Dn1.n3 D5 ins.: *540 प्राप्नुते जीव एव हि ततोऽस्य कर्म पश्यन्ति शुभं वा यदि वाशुभम् देवताः पञ्चभूतस्थाः किं भूयः श्रोतुमिच्छसि
युधिष्ठिर उवाच अनुदर्शितं भगवता यथा धर्मोऽनुगच्छति एतत्तु ज्ञातुमिच्छामि कथं रेतः प्रवर्तते
M. N. Dutt: Yudhishthira said Your illustrious self has explained how virtuc follows individual soul. I wish to know how the vital seed is originated.
बृहस्पतिरुवाच अन्नमश्नन्ति ये देवाः शरीरस्था नरेश्वर पृथिवी वायुराकाशमापो ज्योतिर्मनस्तथा
AI Translation: Brihaspati said: O Lord of men, those gods who eat food and reside in the body, The earth, wind, space, water, light, mind, and also the five elements.
ततस्तृप्तेषु राजेन्द्र तेषु भूतेषु पञ्चसु मनःषष्ठेषु शुद्धात्मन्रेतः संपद्यते महत्
AI Translation: Then, O lord of kings, when those five elements, along with the mind as the sixth, are satisfied, the great semen is produced in the pure soul.
ततो गर्भः संभवति स्त्रीपुंसोः पार्थ संगमे एतत्ते सर्वमाख्यातं किं भूयः श्रोतुमिच्छसि
AI Translation: Then, O son of Pritha, the embryo is produced from the union of the male and female.
युधिष्ठिर उवाच आख्यातमेतद्भवता गर्भः संजायते यथा यथा जातस्तु पुरुषः प्रपद्यति तदुच्यताम्
M. N. Dutt: Yudhishthira said You have, O illustrious one, said how conception takes piace. Do you explain how the individual soul that takes birth, grows.
बृहस्पतिरुवाच आसन्नमात्रः सततं तैर्भूतैरभिभूयते विप्रमुक्तश्च तैर्भूतैः पुनर्यात्यपरां गतिम् स तु भूतसमायुक्तः प्राप्नुते जीव एव ह
M. N. Dutt: Brihaspati said As soon as individual soul enters the vital seed, he becomes overwhelmed by the elements already mentioned. When individual soul become disunited therewith, he is said to attain to the other end (viz., death).
ततोऽस्य कर्म पश्यन्ति शुभं वा यदि वाशुभम् देवताः पञ्चभूतस्थाः किं भूयः श्रोतुमिच्छसि
M. N. Dutt: Gifted with these elements, the individual soul comes by a body. The deities that preside over those elements, witness all his deeds, good and bad. What else do you wish to hear.
युधिष्ठिर उवाच त्वगस्थिमांसमुत्सृज्य तैश्च भूतैर्विवर्जितः जीवः स भगवन्क्वस्थः सुखदुःखे समश्नुते
M. N. Dutt: Yudhishthira said Living off skin, bone and flesh, and becoming destitute of all those elements, in what does individual soul reside, O illustrious one, for enjoying and suffering happiness and imisery?
बृहस्पतिरुवाच जीवो धर्मसमायुक्तः शीघ्रं रेतस्त्वमागतः स्त्रीणां पुष्पं समासाद्य सूते कालेन भारत
M. N. Dutt: Brihaspati said Endued with all his acts, individual soul quickly enters the vital seed, and availing of the menstrual flow of women, takes birth in time, O Bharata.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.32 D6.7 om. 32a (cf. v.l. 31). D10 om. the ref. After the ref., S ins.: *541 भोगवश्यं कर्मवश्यं यातनावश्यमित्यपि एतत्त्रयाणामासाद्य कर्मतः सोऽश्नुते फलम्
यमस्य पुरुषैः क्लेशं यमस्य पुरुषैर्वधम् दुःखं संसारचक्रं च नरः क्लेशं च विन्दति
M. N. Dutt: After birth individual soul receives woe and death from the messengers of Yama. Indeed, he goes through misery and a painful round of rebirth.
इहलोके च स प्राणी जन्मप्रभृति पार्थिव स्वकृतं कर्म वै भुङ्क्ते धर्मस्य फलमाश्रितः
M. N. Dutt: Endued with life, O king, individual soul in this world, from the moment of his birth, enjoys and suffers his own (pristine deeds), depending upon virtue (and its reverse).
यदि धर्मं यथाशक्ति जन्मप्रभृति सेवते ततः स पुरुषो भूत्वा सेवते नित्यदा सुखम्
M. N. Dutt: If individual soul according to the best of his power, follows virtue from the day of his birth, he them succeeds in enjoying uninterruptedly, when reborn, happiness.
अथान्तरा तु धर्मस्य अधर्ममुपसेवते सुखस्यानन्तरं दुःखं स जीवोऽप्यधिगच्छति
M. N. Dutt: If, on the other hand, without following virtue without interruption, he acts sinfully, he reaps happiness at first as the reward of his virtue and suffers misery after that.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.36 After 36abc, D7 ins.: *542 दुःखस्यानन्तरं सुखम् एतद्द्वयं ध्रुवं बद्धः
अधर्मेण समायुक्तो यमस्य विषयं गतः महद्दुःखं समासाद्य तिर्यग्योनौ प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: Endued with sin, individual soul has to go the dominions of Yama and suffering great misery there he has to take birth in an intermediate order of being.
कर्मणा येन येनेह यस्यां योनौ प्रजायते जीवो मोहसमायुक्तस्तन्मे निगदतः शृणु
AI Translation: By whatever deed one is born in whatever womb here, Listen to me as I explain the deluded state of the soul.
यदेतदुच्यते शास्त्रे सेतिहासे सच्छन्दसि यमस्य विषयं घोरं मर्त्यो लोकः प्रपद्यते
AI Translation: This is what is said in the scriptures, with legends and with good verses. The mortal world falls into the terrible realm of Yama.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.39 For 39, S (G1 om.) subst.: *543 यदेतदुच्यते नित्यमकृत्वा पुरुषः सदा कृमियोनिमवाप्नोति बहुशः पतितस्तथा After 39, N (D3 missing) ins.: *544 इह स्थानानि पुण्यानि देवतुल्यानि भूतले तिर्यग्योन्यतिरिक्तानि गतिमन्ति च सर्वशः यमस्य विषये पुण्ये ब्रह्मलोकसमे गुणैः कर्मभिर्नियतैर्बद्धो जन्तुर्दुःखान्युपाश्नुते येन येन तु पापेन कर्मणा पुरुषो गतिम् प्रयाति नरकं घोरं तत्ते वक्ष्याम्यतः परम्
अधीत्य चतुरो वेदान्द्विजो मोहसमन्वितः पतितात्प्रतिगृह्याथ खरयोनौ प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: I shall after this tell you what those acts and dispositions are on account of which a person acquires an end that is fraught with great misery and terror.
खरो जीवति वर्षाणि दश पञ्च च भारत खरो मृतो बलीवर्दः सप्त वर्षाणि जीवति
M. N. Dutt: He has to live as an ass for fifteen years, Shaking off his assinine form, he has next to take birth as an ox and which state he has to live for seven years.
बलीवर्दो मृतश्चापि जायते ब्रह्मराक्षसः ब्रह्मरक्षस्तु त्रीन्मासांस्ततो जायति ब्राह्मणः
M. N. Dutt: Throwing off his bovine forın, he has next to take birth as a Rakshasa of the twice born order. Living as a Rakshasa of the twice born order for three months, he then regains his status of a Brahmana.
पतितं याजयित्वा तु कृमियोनौ प्रजायते तत्र जीवति वर्षाणि दश पञ्च च भारत
M. N. Dutt: A Brahmana, by officiating at the sacrifice of a degraded person, has to take birth as a vile worm. In this form he has to live for fifteen years, O Bharata.
कृमिभावात्प्रमुक्तस्तु ततो जायति गर्दभः गर्दभः पञ्च वर्षाणि पञ्च वर्षाणि सूकरः श्वा वर्षमेकं भवति ततो जायति मानवः
M. N. Dutt: Freed from his worm birth, he is next born as an ass. As an ass he has to live for five years, and then as a hog, in which state also he has to reinain for as many years.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.44 After 44abcd, N (D3 missing) ins.: *545 कुक्कुटः पञ्च वर्षाणि पञ्च वर्षाणि जम्बुकः
उपाध्यायस्य यः पापं शिष्यः कुर्यादबुद्धिमान् स जीव इह संसारांस्त्रीनाप्नोति न संशयः
M. N. Dutt: That foolish disciple who offends his preceptor by injuring him, has certainly to undergo three changes in this world.
प्राक्श्वा भवति राजेन्द्र ततः क्रव्यात्ततः खरः ततः प्रेतः परिक्लिष्टः पश्चाज्जायति ब्राह्मणः
M. N. Dutt: Such a person, o king, has in the first instance to become a dog. He has then to become a beast of prey, and then an ass. Living his assinine form he has to wander for sometime in great, misery as a spirit. After the expiration of that time, he is born as a Brahmana.
मनसापि गुरोर्भार्यां यः शिष्यो याति पापकृत् सोऽधमान्याति संसारानधर्मेणेह चेतसा
M. N. Dutt: That sinful disciple who even in thought knows the wife of his preceptor, has, on account of such a sinful heart, to undergo many dreadful shapes in this world.
श्वयोनौ तु स संभूतस्त्रीणि वर्षाणि जीवति तत्रापि निधनं प्राप्तः कृमियोनौ प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: First taking birth in the canine order he has to live for three years. Throwing off the canine forin when death comes, he is born as a vile vermin.
कृमिभावमनुप्राप्तो वर्षमेकं स जीवति ततस्तु निधनं प्राप्य ब्रह्मयोनौ प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: In this form he has to live for a year. Renouncing that form he succeeds in regaining his status as a human being of the twice born order.
यदि पुत्रसमं शिष्यं गुरुर्हन्यादकारणे आत्मनः कामकारेण सोऽपि हंसः प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: If the preceptor kills, without reason, his disciple who is even as a son to him, he has on account of such a wilful deed of sin on his part, to take birth as a beast of prey.
पितरं मातरं वापि यस्तु पुत्रोऽवमन्यते सोऽपि राजन्मृतो जन्तुः पूर्वं जायति गर्दभः
M. N. Dutt: That son who disregards his father and mother, O king, is born after renouncing his human form as an ass.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.51 After 51, N (D3 missing) ins.: *546 गर्दभत्वं तु संप्राप्य दश वर्षाणि जीवति संवत्सरं तु कुम्भीरस्ततो जायति मानवः पुत्रस्य मातापितरौ यस्य रुष्टावुभावपि गुर्वपध्यानतः सोऽपि मृतो जायति गर्दभः
खरो जीवति मासांस्तु दश श्वा च चतुर्दश बिडालः सप्त मासांस्तु ततो जायति मानवः
M. N. Dutt: As an ass he has to live for ten months. He is next born as a dog and has to remain as such for fourteen months. After that he is born as a cat and living in that form for seven months he regains his human form.
मातापितरमाक्रुश्य सारिकः संप्रजायते ताडयित्वा तु तावेव जायते कच्छपो नृप
M. N. Dutt: Having spoken ill of parents one is born as a Sarika. Striking them one is born, O king as a tortoise.
कच्छपो दश वर्षाणि त्रीणि वर्षाणि शल्यकः व्यालो भूत्वा तु षण्मासांस्ततो जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: Living as a tortoise for ten years, he is born as a porcupine. After that he has to take birth as a snake, and living for six months in that form he regains human form.
भर्तृपिण्डमुपाश्नन्यो राजद्विष्टानि सेवते सोऽपि मोहसमापन्नो मृतो जायति वानरः
M. N. Dutt: That man who, while living upon the food that his royal master supplies, commits deeds injurious to the interests of his master, stupefied by folly, has, after death, to take birth as a monkey.
वानरो दश वर्षाणि त्रीणि वर्षाणि मूषकः श्वा भूत्वा चाथ षण्मासांस्ततो जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: For ten years he has to live as a monkey, and after that for five years as a mouse. After that he is born as a dog, and living in that form for six months he succeeds in regaining his human form.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.56 For 56, T1 subst.: *547 मृतो वानरयोनौ स्यात्ततो भवति सूकरः ततः श्वा चापि भवति ततो भवति मानुषः
न्यासापहर्ता तु नरो यमस्य विषयं गतः संसाराणां शतं गत्वा कृमियोनौ प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: That man who misappropriates what is deposited with him in trust, has to undergo a hundred births. He at last takes birth as a vile worm.
तत्र जीवति वर्षाणि दश पञ्च च भारत दुष्कृतस्य क्षयं गत्वा ततो जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: In that order he has to live for fifteen years, O Bharata. Upon the exhaustion of his sin in this way, he succeeds in regaining his human form.
असूयको नरश्चापि मृतो जायति शार्ङ्गकः विश्वासहर्ता तु नरो मीनो जायति दुर्मतिः
M. N. Dutt: That man who has malice towards others, has, after death, to take birth as a sharngaka. That wicked man who becomes guilty of breach of trust has to take birth as a fish.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.59 For 59ab, T2.3 G M subst.: *548 असूयकः कुत्सितश्च चण्डालो दुःखमश्नुते
भूत्वा मीनोऽष्ट वर्षाणि मृगो जायति भारत मृगस्तु चतुरो मासांस्ततश्छागः प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: Living as a fish for eight years he is born, O Bharata, as a deer. Living as a deer for four months he is next born as a goat.
छागस्तु निधनं प्राप्य पूर्णे संवत्सरे ततः कीटः संजायते जन्तुस्ततो जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: After the expiration of a full year, he renounces his goatish body, and is then born as a worm. After that he succeeds in regaining his human form.
धान्यान्यवांस्तिलान्माषान्कुलत्थान्सर्षपांश्चणान् कलायानथ मुद्गांश्च गोधूमानतसीस्तथा
AI Translation: Rice, barley, sesamum, beans, horse-gram, mustard, millet, Kola, green gram, wheat, flax, and other grains.
सस्यस्यान्यस्य हर्ता च मोहाज्जन्तुरचेतनः स जायते महाराज मूषको निरपत्रपः
AI Translation: One who steals the crops of another, or who is senseless and steals, is born as a mouse, O great king, without any shame.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.63 For 63cd, T1 subst.: *549 मूषको जायते पश्चात्सूकरो जायते ततः
ततः प्रेत्य महाराज पुनर्जायति सूकरः सूकरो जातमात्रस्तु रोगेण म्रियते नृप
M. N. Dutt: After leading the life for sometime, he is next born as a hog. As soon as he is born as a hog he has to die of diseasc.
श्वा ततो जायते मूढः कर्मणा तेन पार्थिव श्वा भूत्वा पञ्च वर्षाणि ततो जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: On account of his sin, that foolish man has next to take birth as a dog, O king. Living as a dog for five years, he then regains his human form.
परदाराभिमर्शं तु कृत्वा जायति वै वृकः श्वा सृगालस्ततो गृध्रो व्यालः कङ्को बकस्तथा
M. N. Dutt: Having committed an act of adultery with the wife of another man, one is born as a wolf. After that he has to assume the forms of a dog and jacka! and vulture. He has next to take birth as a snake and then as a Kanka (a bird of prey) and then as a crane.
भ्रातुर्भार्यां तु दुर्बुद्धिर्यो धर्षयति मोहितः पुंस्कोकिलत्वमाप्नोति सोऽपि संवत्सरं नृप
M. N. Dutt: That sinful wight who out of foolishness, knows his brother's wife, has to take birth as a male Coel and to live in that form for a whole year, O king.
सखिभार्यां गुरोर्भार्यां राजभार्यां तथैव च प्रधर्षयित्वा कामाद्यो मृतो जायति सूकरः
M. N. Dutt: He who, through lust, knows the wife of a friend, or the wife of preceptor, or the wife of his king, has after death to take the form of a hog.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.68 After 68, T1 ins.: *550 श्वा बिडालः कुक्कुटश्च जायेतापि पिपीलिकाः
सूकरः पञ्च वर्षाणि पञ्च वर्षाणि श्वाविधः पिपीलकस्तु षण्मासान्कीटः स्यान्मासमेव च एतानासाद्य संसारान्कृमियोनौ प्रजायते
AI Translation: A boar for five years, a dog for five years, A white ant for six months, an insect for a month. Having attained these, one is born in the state of an insect.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.69 After 69ab, T2.3 G M ins.: *551 विलाळः पञ्च वर्षाणि पञ्च वर्षाणि कुक्कुटः
तत्र जीवति मासांस्तु कृमियोनौ त्रयोदश ततोऽधर्मक्षयं कृत्वा पुनर्जायति मानुषः
AI Translation: There, he lives for thirteen months in the state of a worm. Then, having exhausted his unrighteousness, he is reborn as a human.
उपस्थिते विवाहे तु दाने यज्ञेऽपि वाभिभो मोहात्करोति यो विघ्नं स मृतो जायते कृमिः
M. N. Dutt: When a marriage is about to take place a sacrifice or an act of gifts is about to be made, O you of great power the man who puts in any impediment has to take birth in his next life as a vile worm.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.71 After 71, T3 ins.: *552 देवालयाधिपत्यं हि कुर्यात्तद्द्रव्यभक्षकः श्वा भूत्वा सप्त जन्मानि ततो जायति मानवः द्विजग्रामाधिपत्यं हि कृत्वा ब्रह्मस्वभक्षकः श्वानयोनिशतं प्राप्य चण्डालः पुष्कलस्ततः While M1-3 ins. after 71: *553 वर्षात्पञ्चदशात्पूर्वं क्रमाद्भवति मानुषः
कृमिर्जीवति वर्षाणि दश पञ्च च भारत अधर्मस्य क्षयं कृत्वा ततो जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: Assuming such a form he has to live, O Bharata, for fifteen years. When his sin is exhausted by such suffering, he regains the human form.
पूर्वं दत्त्वा तु यः कन्यां द्वितीये संप्रयच्छति सोऽपि राजन्मृतो जन्तुः कृमियोनौ प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: Having once bestowed his daughter in marriage upon a person, he who seeks to bestow her again upon a second husband, is compelled, O king, to take birth among vile worms.
तत्र जीवति वर्षाणि त्रयोदश युधिष्ठिर अधर्मसंक्षये युक्तस्ततो जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: Assuming such a form, O Yudhishthira, he has to live for thirteen years. Upon the exhaustion of his sin by such sufferance, he regains the human form.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.74 For 74cd, D1.2.4-7.8 (first time).9.10 subst.: *554 ततो निधनमापन्नो मानुषत्वमुपाश्नुते
देवकार्यमुपाकृत्य पितृकार्यमथापि च अनिर्वाप्य समश्नन्वै ततो जायति वायसः
M. N. Dutt: He who eats without having performed the rites in honour of the celestials or those in honour of the departed Manes or without having offered (even) oblations of water to both the Rishis and the departed Manes has to take birth as a crow.
वायसो दश वर्षाणि ततो जायति कुक्कुटः जायते लवकश्चापि मासं तस्मात्तु मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: Living as a crow for a hundred years, he next assumes the forin of a cock. His next change is that of a snake for a month. After this he regains the human form.
ज्येष्ठं पितृसमं चापि भ्रातरं योऽवमन्यते सोऽपि मृत्युमुपागम्य क्रौञ्चयोनौ प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: He who disregards his eldest brother who is like a father, has, after death, to take birth as a crane.
क्रौञ्चो जीवति मासांस्तु दश द्वौ सप्त पञ्च च ततो निधनमापन्नो मानुषत्वमुपाश्नुते
M. N. Dutt: Having assumed that form he has to live in it for two years. Renouncing that form at the conclusion of that period, he regains the human forin.
वृषलो ब्राह्मणीं गत्वा कृमियोनौ प्रजायते तत्रापत्यं समुत्पाद्य ततो जायति मूषकः
M. N. Dutt: That Shudra who knows a Brahmani woman has after death, to take birth as hog.
कृतघ्नस्तु मृतो राजन्यमस्य विषयं गतः यमस्य विषये क्रुद्धैर्वधं प्राप्नोति दारुणम्
M. N. Dutt: The who becomes guilty of ingratitude, O king, has to go to the regions of Yama and there to suffer very painful and severe treatment at the hands of the emissaries, provoked to fury of the grim king of the dead.
पट्टिसं मुद्गरं शूलमग्निकुम्भं च दारुणम् असिपत्रवनं घोरं वालुकां कूटशाल्मलीम्
AI Translation: The sword, the mace, the trident, the terrible fire-pot, The terrible forest of razor-blades, the sand, the thorny tree.
एताश्चान्याश्च बह्वीः स यमस्य विषयं गतः यातनाः प्राप्य तत्रोग्रास्ततो वध्यति भारत
AI Translation: And he goes to Yama's realm, where he undergoes many other terrible torments, O descendant of Bharata.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.82 M1-3 ins. after 82ab: T1 after 81b: M4 after 81: *555 अन्याश्च यातनाः प्राप्य कृमियोनौ प्रजायते After 82, V1 B Dn2.n3 D1.2.4-10 ins.: *556 ततो हतः कृतघ्नः स तत्रोग्रैर्भरतर्षभ
संसारचक्रमासाद्य कृमियोनौ प्रजायते कृमिर्भवति वर्षाणि दश पञ्च च भारत ततो गर्भं समासाद्य तत्रैव म्रियते शिशुः
M. N. Dutt: He has to live as a vile vermin for a period of fifteen years, O Bharata. He has then to enter the womb and dic prematurely before birth.
ततो गर्भशतैर्जन्तुर्बहुभिः संप्रजायते संसारांश्च बहून्गत्वा ततस्तिर्यक्प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: After this that person has to enter the womb a hundred times successively. Indeed, having undergone a hundred rebirths, he at last is born as a creature in some interinediate order between man and inanimate nature.
मृतो दुःखमनुप्राप्य बहुवर्षगणानिह अपुनर्भावसंयुक्तस्ततः कूर्मः प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: Having suffered misery for a great many years, he has to take birth as hairless tortoise.
अशस्त्रं पुरुषं हत्वा सशस्त्रः पुरुषाधमः अर्थार्थी यदि वा वैरी स मृतो जायते खरः
M. N. Dutt: That wretch who, himself wellarmed, kills another while that other is unarined, for getting his riches or out of hostile feelings, has, after renouncing his human body, to take birth as an ass.
खरो जीवति वर्षे द्वे ततः शस्त्रेण वध्यते स मृतो मृगयोनौ तु नित्योद्विग्नोऽभिजायते
M. N. Dutt: Assuming that assinine form, he has to live for a period of two years and then he is killed by a weapon, Renouncing his assinine body, he has to take birth, in his next life, as a deer always anxious (for fear of being killed.)
मृगो वध्यति शस्त्रेण गते संवत्सरे तु सः हतो मृगस्ततो मीनः सोऽपि जालेन बध्यते
AI Translation: The deer is killed by a weapon. After a year has passed, The deer is killed, then the fish is also caught in a net.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.88 For 88ab, T1 subst.: *557 मृगो भूत्वा ततः शस्त्रैर्वध्यते भृशदारुणम्
मासे चतुर्थे संप्राप्ते श्वापदः संप्रजायते श्वापदो दश वर्षाणि द्वीपी वर्षाणि पञ्च च
AI Translation: In the fourth month, the carnivorous animals are born. The carnivorous animals live for ten years, the amphibious animals for five years,
ततस्तु निधनं प्राप्तः कालपर्यायचोदितः अधर्मस्य क्षयं कृत्वा ततो जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: Actuated by the change that is occasioned by time, he then renounces that form and, his sin having been exhausted, he regains the human form.
स्त्रियं हत्वा तु दुर्बुद्धिर्यमस्य विषयं गतः बहून्क्लेशान्समासाद्य संसारांश्चैव विंशतिम्
M. N. Dutt: That man of little understanding who slays a woman has to go to the regions of Yama and to suffer various kinds of pain and misery. He then has to pass through full twentyone transformations.
ततः पश्चान्महाराज कृमियोनौ प्रजायते कृमिर्विंशतिवर्षाणि भूत्वा जायति मानुषः
M. N. Dutt: After that, О king, he has to take birth as a vile vermin. Living as a vermin for twenty years, he regains the human form.
भोजनं चोरयित्वा तु मक्षिका जायते नरः मक्षिकासंघवशगो बहून्मासान्भवत्युत ततः पापक्षयं कृत्वा मानुषत्वमवाप्नुते
M. N. Dutt: By stealing food, one has to take birth as a bee. Living for many months in the company of other bees, his sin become exhausted and he regains the human form. By stealing paddy, one becomes a cat.
वाद्यं हृत्वा तु पुरुषो मशकः संप्रजायते तथा पिण्याकसंमिश्रमशनं चोरयेन्नरः स जायते बभ्रुसमो दारुणो मूषको नरः
M. N. Dutt: That man who steals food mixed with sesame cakes is in his next birth born as a mouse large or small according to the largeness or smallness of the quantity stolen.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.94 After 94, V1 B Dn D5.8.10 G2 ins.: *558 दशन्वै मानुषान्नित्यं पापात्मा स विशां पते घृतं हृत्वा तु दुर्बुद्धिः काकमद्गुः प्रजायते मत्स्यमांसमथो हृत्वा काको जायति दुर्मतिः
लवणं चोरयित्वा तु चीरीवाकः प्रजायते दधि हृत्वा बकश्चापि प्लवो मत्स्यानसंस्कृतान्
AI Translation: One who steals salt becomes a Chiriva bird. One who steals curd becomes a crane. One who steals uncooked fish becomes a Plava bird.
चोरयित्वा पयश्चापि बलाका संप्रजायते यस्तु चोरयते तैलं तैलपायी प्रजायते चोरयित्वा तु दुर्बुद्धिर्मधु दंशः प्रजायते
AI Translation: Having stolen milk, one is born as a heron. One who steals oil is born as an oil-seller. Having stolen honey, the foolish one is born as a mosquito.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.96 After 96abc, N (D3 missing) ins.: *559 नरो मोहसमन्वितः सोऽपि राजन्मृतो जन्तुस्
अयो हृत्वा तु दुर्बुद्धिर्वायसो जायते नरः पायसं चोरयित्वा तु तित्तिरित्वमवाप्नुते
AI Translation: Having stolen iron, a man is born as a crow. Having stolen milk pudding, one attains the state of a partridge.
हृत्वा पैष्टमपूपं च कुम्भोलूकः प्रजायते फलं वा मूलकं हृत्वा अपूपं वा पिपीलिकः
AI Translation: One who steals a cake of wheat flour becomes a rat. One who steals fruit, a radish, or a cake becomes an ant.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.98 For 98cd, S subst.: *560 फलानि वानरो हृत्वापूपं हृत्वा पिपीलिकः V1 B1.2.4.5 Dn ins. after 98: B3 after 98ab: D1.2.4.7-10 after 97ab: *561 चोरयित्वा तु निष्पावं जायते हलगोलकः
कांस्यं हृत्वा तु दुर्बुद्धिर्हारीतो जायते नरः राजतं भाजनं हृत्वा कपोतः संप्रजायते
AI Translation: Having stolen a copper vessel, a man is born as a crow. Having stolen a silver vessel, he is born as a pigeon.
हृत्वा तु काञ्चनं भाण्डं कृमियोनौ प्रजायते क्रौञ्चः कार्पासिकं हृत्वा मृतो जायति मानवः
AI Translation: Having stolen gold, one is born in the womb of a worm. Having stolen cotton, one is born as a crane.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.100 V1 B Dn D1.2.6 ins. after 100ab: D4.5.8-10 after 100cd: D7 after 101: *562 पत्रोर्णं चोरयित्वा तु कृकलत्वं निगच्छति कौशिकं तु ततो हृत्वा नरो जायति वर्तकः अंशुकं चोरयित्वा तु शुको जायति मानवः चोरयित्वा दुकूलं तु मृतो हंसः प्रजायते For 100cd, T G M4 subst.: *563 सर्पः कार्पासकं हृत्वा क्षौमं हृत्वा शशो भवेत् T G M4 cont.: *564 छागश्चाप्याविकं हृत्वा कूर्मश्चर्मापहारकः
चोरयित्वा नरः पट्टं त्वाविकं वापि भारत क्षौमं च वस्त्रमादाय शशो जन्तुः प्रजायते
AI Translation: Having stolen a silk or cotton cloth, O descendant of Bharata, a man is reborn as a hare or a small animal.
वर्णान्हृत्वा तु पुरुषो मृतो जायति बर्हिणः हृत्वा रक्तानि वस्त्राणि जायते जीवजीवकः
AI Translation: Having stolen the colors, a man, when dead, is born as a peacock. Having stolen red garments, one is born as a jīvajīva.
वर्णकादींस्तथा गन्धांश्चोरयित्वा तु मानवः छुच्छुन्दरित्वमाप्नोति राजँल्लोभपरायणः
AI Translation: Having stolen colors, etc., and perfumes, a man, becomes a jackal, O king, being devoted to greed.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.103 After 103, V1 B Dn ins.: *565 तत्र जीवति वर्षाणि ततो दश च पञ्च च अधर्मस्य क्षयं गत्वा ततो जायति मानुषः
विश्वासेन तु निक्षिप्तं यो निह्नवति मानवः स गतासुर्नरस्तादृङ्मत्स्ययोनौ प्रजायते
M. N. Dutt: That man who misappropriates trust property, has to suffer a diminution in the period of his life and dying has to take birth ainong fishes.
मत्स्ययोनिमनुप्राप्य मृतो जायति मानुषः मानुषत्वमनुप्राप्य क्षीणायुरुपपद्यते
M. N. Dutt: Having lived for sometime as a fish, he dies and regains the human form. Regaining, however, the human form he becomes short lived.
पापानि तु नरः कृत्वा तिर्यग्जायति भारत न चात्मनः प्रमाणं ते धर्मं जानन्ति किंचन
M. N. Dutt: Indeed having perpetrated sins, O Bharata, one has to take birth in an order intermediate between that of humanity and vegetables. Those people do not know the principles of virtue who take their own hearts for their guide.
ये पापानि नराः कृत्वा निरस्यन्ति व्रतैः सदा सुखदुःखसमायुक्ता व्याधितास्ते भवन्त्युत
M. N. Dutt: Those men who commit various sinful deeds, and then scck to expiate them by continuous vows and observances of piety, enjoy happiness and suffer misery and live in great anxiety of heart.
असंवासाः प्रजायन्ते म्लेच्छाश्चापि न संशयः नराः पापसमाचारा लोभमोहसमन्विताः
M. N. Dutt: Those sinful men who yield to the influence of cupidity and stupefaction, are surely born as Mlechchhas who are uriworthy of being associated with.
वर्जयन्ति च पापानि जन्मप्रभृति ये नराः अरोगा रूपवन्तस्ते धनिनश्च भवन्त्युत
M. N. Dutt: Those men, on the other hand, who abstain from sin all their lives, become free from disease of every sort gifted with beauty of form, and possessed of riches.
Supplementary Passages:
13.112.109 For 109ab, D8 subst.: *566 जन्मप्रभृति पापानि वर्जयन्ति च ये नराः
स्त्रियोऽप्येतेन कल्पेन कृत्वा पापमवाप्नुयुः एतेषामेव जन्तूनां पत्नीत्वमुपयान्ति ताः
M. N. Dutt: Women also when they act in this way attain to births of the same kind. Indeed, they have to take births as the males of the animals I have mentioned.
परस्वहरणे दोषाः सर्व एव प्रकीर्तिताः एतद्वै लेशमात्रेण कथितं ते मयानघ अपरस्मिन्कथायोगे भूयः श्रोष्यसि भारत
M. N. Dutt: I have told you all the faults of the misappropriation of others' properties. I have described to you very briefly the subject, O sinless one.
एतन्मया महाराज ब्रह्मणो वदतः पुरा सुरर्षीणां श्रुतं मध्ये पृष्टश्चापि यथातथम्
AI Translation: This was told to me by Brahma in the past, O great king, and heard by me in the midst of the celestial sages, and asked as it is.
मयापि तव कार्त्स्न्येन यथावदनुवर्णितम् एतच्छ्रुत्वा महाराज धर्मे कुरु मनः सदा
AI Translation: I have also described it to you in its entirety and as it is. Having heard this, O great king, always set your mind on the Dharma.